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Published on: 4/8/2004
Last Visited: 4/9/2004
People like Bob Moses, Anne Braden, Prathia Hall, Gwendolyn Zoharah Simmons, Clarence Jordan, Bernice Johnson Reagon, Marion King, Grace Lee Boggs, Julia Esquivel, Ndugu T'Ofori-Atta, and Staughton and Alice Lynd.
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Gwendolyn Zoharah Simmons, the SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) project leader in Laurel, Mississippi, in 1964, describes how she and her teenage and young-adult colleagues in Freedom Summer interacted with older community members with whom they were working to mobilize political and educational reform in the area.
Simmons says, "We were seen as ‘leaders,' people who brought a vision, people who brought resources, ideas, and materials that they wanted.At the same time, because of our youth we were also children to them."
Living with local community leaders, Simmons and other young activists were expected to replicate time-honored African-American forms of intergenerational association.
Euberta Sphinks, a long-standing local activist in the Laurel community, opened her home and her heart to Simmons.The relationship the two women developed was generally indicative of the way younger organizers and the older local citizens engaged each other.
"I had to obey Mrs. Sphinks when it came to what time I could come in and where I was going," says Simmons.