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Published on: 10/25/1999
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A. Marx, Karl, was born on May 5, 1818 (New Style), in the city of Trier (Rhenish Prussia).His father was a lawyer, a Jew, who in 1824 adopted Protestantism.The family was well-to-do, cultured, but not revolutionary.After graduating from a Gymnasium in Trier, Marx entered the university, first at Bonn and later in Berlin, where he read law, majoring in history and philosophy.He concluded his university course in 1841, submitting a doctoral thesis on the philosophy of Epicurus.At the time Marx was a Hegelian idealist in his views.In Berlin, he belonged to the circle of Left Hegelians (Bruno Bauer and others) who sought to draw atheistic and revolutionary conclusion from Hegel's philosophy.
After graduating, Marx moved to Bonn, hoping to become a professor.However, the reactionary policy of the government, which deprived Ludwig Feuerbach of his chair in 1832, refused to allow him to return to the university in 1836, and in 1841 forbade young Professor Bruno Bauer to lecture at Bonn, made Marx abandon the idea of an academic career.Left Hegelian views were making rapid headway in Germany at the time.Feuerbach began to criticize theology, particularly after 1836, and turn to materialism, which in 1841 gained ascendancy in his philosophy (The Essence of Christianity).
The year 1843 saw the appearance of his Principles of the Philosophy of the Future.