PLANT PHYSIOLOGY ONLINE -- Cosgrove et al. 124 (2): 499 -
[Cached Version]
Published on: 10/1/2000
Last Visited: 3/11/2001
Jeffrey Harper ( Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , CA ) described recent insights into how these changes are generated , how information is encoded in the spatial and temporal dynamics of the Ca2+ signal , and how this information is decoded by cellular response elements.
The phenotype of transgenic tobacco lines overexpressing CAX1 , an Arabidopsis Ca2+/H+ antiporter , resemble Ca2+-starved plants , despite the fact that total Ca2+ in the plant was high.The physiological defects in these transgenic lines can be corrected by Ca2+ supplementation.These results indicate that the endogenous function of CAX1 is in maintaining low cytoplasmic Ca2+ and reinforce the view that the correct , coordinated regulation of organelle Ca2+ transporter activities is essential in supporting plant cell function.Harper's investigations of the control of the Arabidopsis endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump ACA2 further suggested that such transporters show complex feedback regulation through Ca2+-dependent regulators such as calmodulin and Ca2+-dependent protein kinases.
Harper also described use of a GFP-based Ca2+ sensor , named Cameleon , in plants.When Ca2+ binds to the calmodulin domain of the Cameleon protein it induces a conformational change which can be detected by altered fluorescence resonance energy transfer between its component cyan and yellow fluorescent protein domains.By monitoring the efficiency of fluorescence resonance energy transfer , Ca2+ levels can be measured.The Cameleon protein can be tailored in its Ca2+ sensitivity , targeted to specific cell types or organelles , and even fused to signal transduction or Ca2+-regulatory elements ( e.g. ACA2 ) to report Ca2+ levels in the microenvironment of a particular signaling system.This new technology presents exciting opportunities for following Ca2+ dynamics in plants.
The symposium was unusual in its attempt to bring molecular biologists and ecologists into dialogue around the theme of plant signaling mechanisms.