Hans Albert Einstein This is Me

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1. 1. www.keywordmage.net

   www.keywordmage.net/al/albert- - [Cached]

   Published on: 4/8/2008   Last Visited: 4/27/2008

   This is ironic, not only because Einstein is far better-known for relativity, but also because the photoelectric effect is a quantum phenomenon, and Einstein became somewhat disenchanted with the path quantum theory would take.What makes these papers remarkable is that, in each case, Einstein boldly took an idea from theoretical physics to its logical consequences and managed to explain experimental results that had baffled scientists for decades.He submitted these papers to the ""Annalen der Physik"".
   ...
   Einstein showed that, by assuming that light actually consisted of discrete packets, he could explain the mysterious photoelectric effect.The idea of light quanta contradicted the wave theory of light that followed naturally from James Clerk Maxwells equations for electromagnetic behavior and, more generally, the assumption of infinite divisibility of energy in physical systems.Even after experiments showed that Einsteins equations for the photoelectric effect were accurate, his explanation was not universally accepted.However, by 1921, when he was awarded the Nobel Prize, and his work on photoelectricity was mentioned by name in the award citation, most physicists thought that the equation (hf = ø + Ek) was correct and light quanta were possible.
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   While developing this paper, Einstein wrote to Mileva about "our work on relative motion", and this has led some to ask whether Mileva played a part in its development.
   ...
   But Einstein revealed the underlying reasons for this geometrical oddity.His explanation arose from two axioms: Galileo's old idea that the laws of nature should be the same for all observers that move with constant speed relative to each other, and the rule that the speed of light is the same for every observer.Special relativity has several striking consequences, because the absolute concepts of time and size are rejected.The theory came to be called the "special theory of relativity" to distinguish it from his later theory of general relativity, which considers all observers to be equivalent.The theory abounds with paradoxes, and appeared to make little sense, landing Einstein substantial ridicule; but he eventually managed to work out the apparent contradictions and solve the problems.
   
   Energy equivalence
   
   A fourth paper, ""Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?"", published late in 1905, showed one further deduction from relativity's axioms, the famous equation that the energy of a body at rest ("E") equals its mass ("m") times the speed of light ("c") squared: :"E = mc2 Einstein considered this equation to be of paramount importance because it showed that a massive particle possesses an energy, the "rest energy", distinct from its classical kinetic and potential energies.
   ...
   Even if De Pretto introduced the formula, it was Einstein who connected it with the theory of relativity.
   
   Middle years
   
   In 1906, Einstein was promoted to technical examiner second class.In 1908, Einstein was licensed in Bern, Switzerland as a teacher and lecturer (known as a Privatdozent) who had no share in the university administration.Einstein's second son, Eduard, was born on July 28 1910.In 1911, Einstein became a full professor at the University of Prague.At that time, he worked closely with the mathematician Marcel Grossman.In 1912, Einstein started to refer to time as the fourth dimension.In 1914, just before the start of World War I, Einstein settled in Berlin as professor at the local university and became a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.His pacifism and Jewish origins irritated German nationalists.After he became world-famous, nationalist hatred of him grew, and, for the first time, he was the subject of an organized campaign discredit his theories.From 1914 to 1933 he served as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin, and it was during this time that he was awarded his Nobel Prize and made his most groundbreaking discoveries.Einstein divorced Mileva on February 14 1919 and married his cousin Elsa Loewenthal (née Einstein: Loewenthal was the surname of her first husband, Max) on June 2 1919.
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   Eduard was institutionalized for schizophrenia and died in an asylum, while Hans became a professor of hydraulic engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, having little interaction with his father.In 1922, Einstein and his wife Elsa boarded the S.S. Kitano Maru bound for Japan.
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   In November 1915, Einstein presented a series of lectures before the Prussian Academy of Sciences in which he described his theory of general relativity.The final lecture climaxed with his introduction of an equation that replaced Newton's law of gravity.
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   In the early 1920s, Einstein was the lead figure in a famous weekly physics colloquium at the University of Berlin.On March 30 1921, Einstein went to New York to give a lecture on his new theory.In the same year, he was finally awarded the Nobel Prize.Though he is now most famous for his work on relativity, it was for his earlier work on the photoelectric effect that he was given the Prize, because in his work on relativity was still disputed and the Nobel committee decided that citing his less-contested theory would be a better political move.
   
   Copenhagen interpretation
   
   Einstein's relationship with quantum physics was quite remarkable.He was the first to say that quantum theory was revolutionary, even before Max Planck, the discovered of the quantum.His idea of light quanta was a landmark break with the classical physics.In 1909, Einstein presented his first paper to a gathering of physicists and told them that they must find some way to understand waves and particles together.In the mid-1920s, as the original quantum theory was replaced with a new quantum mechanics, Einstein balked at the Copenhagen interpretation of the new equations because it settled for a probabilistic, non-visualizable account of physical behavior.Einstein agreed that the theory was the best available, but he looked for a more "complete" explanation, i.e. more deterministic.He could not abandon the belief that physics described the laws that govern "real things", the belief which had led to his successes with atoms, photons, and gravity.In a 1926 letter to Max Born, Einstein made a remark that is now famous: :"Quantum mechanics is certainly imposing.
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   It was not a rejection of probabilistic theories per se,Einstein had used statistical analysis in his work on Brownian motion and photoelectricity, and in papers published before the miraculous year 1905, and had even discovered Gibbs ensembles on his own,but he believed that, at the core, physical reality behaved deterministically.Recent controversial results seem to lend support to Einstein's misgivings about the orthodox interpretation of quantum mechanics.In March 2004, the results of the Afshar experiment were published which, it is claimed, disprove Bohr's Principle of Complementarity, one of the foundations of the Copenhagen interpretation.
   
   Bose-Einstein statistics
   
   In 1924, Einstein received a short paper from a young Indian physicist named Satyendra Nath Bose describing light as a gas of photons and asking for Einstein's assistance in publication.Einstein realised that the same statistics could be applied to atoms, and published an article in German (then the lingua franca of physics) which described Bose's model and explained its implications.Bose-Einstein statistics now describe any assembly of these indistinguishable particles known as bosons.Einstein also assisted Erwin Schrödinger in the development of the Quantum Boltzmann distribution, a mixed classical and quantum mechanical gas model,although he realised that this was less significant than the Bose-Einstein model, and declined to have his name included on the paper.
   
   Later years
   
   The [[Einstein Memorial at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, DC]] Einstein and former student Leó Szilárd co-invented a unique type of refrigerator (usually called the Einstein Refrigerator) in 1926.

2. 2. Biography - Albert Einstein

   www.talanith.com/biography/ein - [Cached]

   Published on: 3/15/2008   Last Visited: 3/15/2008

   On May 14, 1904, Einstein's son Hans Albert Einstein was born.In 1904, Einstein's position at the Swiss Patent Office was made permanent.He obtained his doctorate after submitting his thesis On a new determination of molecular dimensions in 1905.
   
   That same year, he wrote four articles that provided the foundation of modern physics, without much scientific literature to refer to or many scientific colleagues to discuss the theories with.Most physicists agree that three of those papers (Brownian motion, the photoelectric effect, and special relativity) deserved Nobel prizes.Only the photoelectric effect would win.This is something of an irony, in that Einstein is far better-known for relativity, but that the photoelectric effect is all quantum, and Einstein became somewhat disenchanted with the path quantum theory would take.What makes these papers remarkable is that, in each case, Einstein boldly took an idea from theoretical physics to its logical consequences and managed to explain experimental results that had baffled scientists for decades.
   
   He submitted these papers to the Annalen der Physik.
   ...
   Einstein showed that, by assuming that light actually consisted of discrete packets, he could explain the mysterious photoelectric effect.
   ...
   While developing this paper, Einstein wrote to Mileva about "our work on relative motion", and this has led some to ask whether Mileva played a part in its development.
   ...
   But Einstein revealed the underlying reasons for this geometrical oddity.His explanation arose from two axioms: one was Galileo's old idea that the laws of nature should be the same for all observers that move with constant speed relative to each other; and the other was that the speed of light is the same for every observer.
   ...
   A fourth paper, titled Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?, published late in 1905 showed one further deduction from relativity's axioms, the energy-mass relation, originally written by Einstein as m = E/c2.That deduction, rewritten, was the famous equation that the energy of a body at rest (E) equals its mass (m) times the speed of light (c) squared:
   
   E = mc2
   
   Einstein considered this equation to be of paramount importance because it showed that a massive particle possesses an energy, the "rest energy", distinct from its classical kinetic and potential energies.
   ...
   Though De Pretto may have introduced the formula, it was Einstein who connected it with the Theory of Relativity.
   
   Middle yearsIn 1906, Einstein was promoted to technical examiner second class.In 1908, Einstein was licensed in Berne, Switzerland, as a teacher and lecturer (known as a Privatdozent), who had no share in the university administration.Einstein's second son, Eduard, was born on July 28, 1910.In 1911, Einstein became the full professor at the University of Prague.At that time, he worked with the mathematician Marcel Grossman closely.In 1912, Einstein starts to refer to the fourth dimension as time.
   
   In 1914, just before the start of World War I, Einstein settled in Berlin as professor at the local university and became a member of the Prussian Academy of Science.His pacifism and Jewish origins irritated German nationalists.After he became world-famous, nationalist hatred of him grew, and, for the first time, he was the subject of an organized campaign intended to discredit his theories.
   
   From 1914 to 1933 he served as director of Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin, and it was during this time he received his Nobel Prize and made his most groundbreaking discoveries.
   
   Einstein divorced Mileva on February 14, 1919 and married his cousin Elsa Loewenthal (n,e Einstein: Loewenthal was the surname of her first husband, Max) on June 2, 1919.

3. 3. www.lipidmedicine.com

   www.lipidmedicine.com/index.ph - [Cached]

   Published on: 7/7/2008   Last Visited: 7/7/2008

   Hans Albert Einstein