Leonard J. Doyle

Leonard J. Doyle, Translator; David W. Cotter, O.S.B., Editor "The Rule of Saint Benedict," Liturgical Press, Collegeville, Minnesota, 2001.

[xxii] Rubrics of the Roman Breviary and Missal Translated from Acta Apolstolicae Sedis LII (1960) No. 10, (Aug. 15), The Liturgical Press, St. John's Abbey, Collegeville, Minnesota, Leonard Doyle, translator, 1960.

[xxiii] Rev. John Ryan SJ, MA, Irish Monasticism: Origins and Early Development, 1931 Jan. 3, Dublin, Talbot Press Limited. p. 345. The Irish monks considered asceticism to be a form of martyrdom and there were three grades: white, blue and red. White martyrdom, the basic form, consists in external mortification, like renunciation, fasting and labour; blue martyrdom, the intermediate form, consists in internal mortification, or triumph over the will and inclinations; while red martyrdom (the highest form) is actual death by violence for Christ’s sake. p. 400 fn.1. Ryan deduces that vigor in cultivation was a sign of weak powers of reflection. He proposes that perhaps because (Irish monks) were less capable of contemplations than the Easterns, (i.e. Asian monastics,) the Irish monks showed an exceptional zeal at reciting psalms and other vocal prayers.

French edition by Leonard J. Doyle. PUBLISHER: Collegeville, Minn. : St. John's Abbey press, 1950.

Latin by Leonard J. Doyle. PUBLISHER: Collegeville, Minn. : The Liturgical Press, c1948.

[xxii] Rubrics of the Roman Breviary and Missal Translated from Acta Apolstolicae Sedis LII (1960) No. 10, (Aug. 15), The Liturgical Press, St. John's Abbey, Collegeville, Minnesota, Leonard Doyle, translator, 1960.

[xxiii]Rev.John Ryan SJ, MA, Irish Monasticism: Origins and Early Development, 1931 Jan. 3, Dublin, Talbot Press Limited. p. 345.The Irish monks considered asceticism to be a form of martyrdom and there were three grades: white, blue and red.White martyrdom, the basic form, consists in external mortification, like renunciation, fasting and labour; blue martyrdom, the intermediate form, consists in internal mortification, or triumph over the will and inclinations; while red martyrdom (the highest form) is actual death by violence for Christ's sake. p. 400 fn.1. Ryan deduces that vigor in cultivation was a sign of weak powers of reflection.He proposes that perhaps because (Irish monks) were less capable of contemplations than the Easterns, (i.e. Asian monastics,) the Irish monks showed an exceptional zeal at reciting psalms and other vocal prayers.

Leonard Doyle (+1970) Liturgical Press, Collegeville MN