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Published on: 10/6/2008
Last Visited: 10/29/2007
David Cannatella, Linda Ford, and Lori Bockstanz Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
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Even the most basal living frogs have the beginnings of a unique mechanism of tongue projection (Nishikawa and Cannatella, 1991; Nishikawa and Roth, 1991) that is associated with extreme modification of the gill arches into a fused hyobranchial plate.
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Ford and Cannatella (1993) defined it as a stem-based name for amphibians that are more closely related to Anura than to Caudata or Gymnophiona.
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The node-based name Anura was defined by Ford and Cannatella (1993) as the last common ancestor of living frogs and all its descendants.
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The late Jurassic fossil ,Notobatrachus degiustoi may or may not be part of Anura, depending on whether it is the sister-group of Anura (Cannatella, 1985) or possibly more closely related to Leiopelma (Estes and Reig, 1973). ,Vieraella herbstii is another relatively complete early Jurassic fossil, but is less well-preserved than ,Notobatrachus (Estes and Reig, 1973).
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This new node-based name was applied by Ford and Cannatella (1993) to the node that is the most recent ancestor of living Leiopelma + Bombinanura (Ford and Cannatella, 1993).
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This new node-based name was applied by Ford and Cannatella (1993) to the node that is the most recent ancestor of living Leiopelma + Bombinanura (Ford and Cannatella, 1993).
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Synapomorphies of this clade (Cannatella, 1985) include elongate arms on the sternum; loss of the ascending process of the palatoquadrate; sphenethmoid ossifying in the anterior position; the root of the facial nerve exits the braincase through the facial foramen, anterior to the auditory capsule, rather than via the anterior acoustic foramen into the auditory capsule (Slabbert and Maree, 1945; Stephenson, 1951); and a palatoquadrate articulation with the braincase via a pseudobasal process, rather than a basal process (Pusey, 1943).
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Bombinanura, a new node-based name, was defined by Ford and Cannatella (1993) to be the most recent common ancestor of living Bombinatoridae and Discoglossanura, and all its descendants.
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Synapomorphies of Bombinanura include fusion of the halves of the sphenethmoid, eight presacral vertebrae, absence of the m. epipubicus, and absence of the caudalipuboischiotibialis muscle (Cannatella, 1985).
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The node-based name Pipanura was proposed by Ford and Cannatella (1993) for the most recent common ancestor of living Mesobatrachia + Neobatrachia, and all its descendants.
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Synapomorphies include a sinistral spiracle in the larvae (a characteristic feature of Orton's Type 4 tadpole), absence of free ribs in adults, torsion in the carpal elements, the presence of vocal sacs, and fusion of the trigeminal and facial ganglia (Cannatella, 1985; Sokol, 1975).
Mesobatrachia (Node F)
Ford and Cannatella (1993) applied the name Mesobatrachia to the node that is the most recent common ancestor of the living Pelobatoidea and Pipoidea.
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Synapomorphies of Mesobatrachia include closure of the frontoparietal fontanelle by juxtaposition of the frontoparietal bones, partial closure of the hyoglossal sinus by the ceratohyals (=hyalia), absence of the taenia tecti medialis, and absence of the taenia tecti transversum (Cannatella, 1985; Sokol, 1981).Mesobatrachia as proposed by Laurent (1979) was a paraphyletic group.Cannatella (1985) first applied the name to a clade.Most other taxonomies have placed the Pelobatoidea as the sister-group to Neobatrachia, rather than to Pipoidea.A derived character that refutes the monophyly of Mesobatrachia is the fusion of the third distal carpal to other carpals, which Pelodytes shares with Neobatrachia (Cannatella, 1985).
Pelobatoidea (Node G)
The name was applied to the node that is the common ancestor of living Megophryidae, Pelobatidae, and Pelodytes.Synapomorphies of Pelobatoidea include the presence of a palatine process of the maxilla and ossification of the sternum into a bony style (Cannatella, 1985).
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Pipoidea was defined by Cannatella and Ford (1993) to be the most recent common ancestor of living Pipidae + Rhinophrynidae, and all its descendants.
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The new stem-based name Pipimorpha was defined by Ford and Cannatella (1993) to be those taxa that are more closely related to living Pipidae than to living Rhinophrynus.
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Cannatella, D. C. 1985.A phylogeny of primitive frogs (archaeobatrachians).Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Kansas, Lawrence.
Cannatella, D. C. 1989.On the monophyly of discoglossoid frogs.Pp.230-231 In H. Splechtna and H. Hilgers (Eds.), Trends in Vertebrate Morphology.
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Cannatella, D. C., and D. M. Hillis.
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Ford, L. S., and D. C. Cannatella.
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© 1995 David Cannatella
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David Cannatella University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
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Correspondence regarding this page should be directed to David Cannatella at >
Page copyright © 1997 David Cannatella
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