Joan of Arc | Joan of Arc | The Military Genius of Jeanne D'Arc | Joan of Arc | The Military Genius of Jeanne d'Arc, and the Concept of Victory
Schiller Institute The Military Genius of Joan of Arc (JeanneD' Arc)
Home | Search | About| Fidelio| Economy | Strategy |Justice | Conferences | Join
...
This was the same religious order, devoted to providing superior education to children of all classes, that educated the great Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa, Thomas à Kempis, and the father of the first nation-state, King Louis XI of France, who owed
his throne directly to
Jeanne.
...
Jeanne understood that lifting the siege would have to deliver a double blow: It would have to free the city, and also, would have to bring a halt to the gentlemanly sport of continuous warfare, which had cost so many lives, military and civilian.
A crushing blow was urgent and vital; however, since none was coming from the King,
Jeanne deployed herself to carry out that task.
Secondly,
Jeanne understood the strategic urgency of quickly securing the official coronation of the King at the Cathedral of Reims, where all of France's kings had been consecrated, in order to lay to rest the Anglo-Burgundian claim that the Dauphin (as France's Crown Princes are known) was illegitimate.
...
At the royal residence,
Jeanne continued to make public, noisy interventions as to the necessity of liberating
Orléans and having the Dauphin crowned King at Reims.
She was the only military leader whose faction had no other agenda than the liberation of France.
It was clear that, if there were any chance of saving the nation, some radical, revolutionary action had to be taken.
After much delay and bureaucratic footdragging, Charles finally gave
Jeanne a commission to lift the siege at
Orléans and to resupply its desperate people.
Immediately,
Jeanne found herself locking horns with the aristocratic commanders of the
French army whose habitual method of engagement was attack/retreat, rather than to deploy all-out for victory.
These commanders had tremendous difficulty understanding that
Jeanne was determined to actually fight and win, rather than engage in the outmoded rules of gentlemanly combat that had decimated so many men on both sides.
She ran roughshod over their objections, not only citing the authority of God for
her action, but also confronting every objection by a personal demonstration that
her method led to victory.
Upon arriving at
Orléans,
Jeanne sent a letter to the English, making
her declaration of unremitting war:
...
DeVries shows crass cynicism in
his refrain that
Jeanne was quite willing to spill the blood of
her men, because
she was convinced that they would all go to Heaven for their good deeds.
In fact,
she was anguished by blood spilt from both sides.
But
she knew that, unless victory were accomplished quickly, far more blood would be spilled; that, indeed, civilization would destroy itself by its immorality.
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse would thunder throughout all Europe, unless
she, as sent by God, were fully obeyed, without restraint.
In
Orléans,
Jeanne expected
her generals to launch an immediate attack on the English and Burgundians, but instead, they advised caution and delay.
She was incensed.
She jumped on
her horse, gathered
her army, and led the way to the city gates, personally demonstrating that what
she was demanding could absolutely be accomplished.
The mayor had been ordered to block
her path.
She instantly drew
her sword and threatened to cut off
his head, if
he did not lower the drawbridge.
He did so, and
Jeanne led the charge, while the aristocratic generals scrambled to keep up with
her.
In the bloody battle that ensued,
she was wounded.
Despite
her wound,
she returned the next day to fight again, and again led the attack to victory.
By the end of the day,
she knew the English were defeated.
On the third day, the English assembled in battle formation, with rows of longbowsmen behind a barrier of sharpened stakes in the ground pointing toward the enemy, a defensive method that depended on the French attacking them.
Using the principle of the flank,
Jeanne exploited that weakness, by, likewise, arranging
her army in battle formation, whence
she had them wait, facing the English.
...
From that point onward, there was no question that
Jeanne was totally in charge of the
French army, its strategy, and tactics.
She gained the trust and admiration of the aristocratic generals, and the love of the ordinary soldiers.
Jeanne immediately wanted to march on Reims to have the Dauphin crowned and consecrated as King.
However, again,
she had to do battle with Charles's advisers and generals, who counselled him to attack the enemy-held area of Normandy.
Jeanne's argument ultimately won out; had it not, France would have been lost.
Even though Charles had been named King some years earlier,
he had no real power, except over a few provinces.
The Rectors at the
University of Paris, who in 1431 burnt
Jeanne at the stake, had concocted the legalism of a Double Monarchy, whereby the King of England was also the King of France.
For
Jeanne to have Charles consecrated at
Reims Cathedral would deliver a devastating blow to the English and their Burgundian partners.
But, to reach Reims meant clearing a path through the mostly strongly fortified Anglo-Burgundian territory.
DeVries's description of this campaign through the Loire Valley, demonstrates
Jeanne as a brilliant strategist, and valorous commander, always personally leading
her men into battle, always setting out for them the goal of attaining victory.
The Artillery Revolution
Jeanne's use of cannon artillery revolutionized the science of warfare and changed the fate of nations.
She was especially skillful in placing
her artillery.
Although, before
Jeanne took command, the French had had cannons and artillery, it was
her genius in deploying them, that altered the course of the warfare so dramatically, for it was well-placed artillery that had enabled the French to defeat the famous English archers.
...
Once the King was crowned,
Jeanne set
her eyes immediately on the march to take Paris, where the Burgundians had established a stronghold.
Inexplicably, the King temporized; in fact,
he had agreed to a deal with
his enemies, which had allowed them time to fortify Paris.
When, finally, the King gave the order to attack,
Jeanne's army was unable to storm through the defenses.
Jeanne was again wounded in the battle.
As was
her wont,
she returned to battle the next day, only to learn that the weak-willed King had called for retreat.
Charles negotiated another deal with
his enemies, and disbanded
her army.
Jeanne was furious.
Not only was Paris lost to the enemy, but also most of the towns along the Loire River that
she had liberated, were now handed back to the Anglo-Burgundians.
Her army disbanded,
she was on
her own, ignored and certainly reviled by
her enemies in the court.
In the Spring of 1430, the King admitted that
his war-by-diplomacy was a failure.
However,
he did not realize just how tragic
his error was, of cutting off
Jeanne.
Had
she had
her way, Paris would have been freed.
But more significantly, Jeanne's entire military career had demonstrated conclusively, that had
she remained making the strategic decisions, and personally leading
her men into battle, the Hundred Years War would have come to an abrupt end, then, rather than 24 years later.
Capture at
Compiègne
After Jeanne's betrayal by the very King
she had fought to crown, the Burgundians moved to lay siege to the strategic city of Compiègne, just north of Paris.
Jeanne could no longer be restrained in
her enforced idleness: As at
Orléans, the patriotic forces inside
Compiègne resisted heroically, despite the fact that Charles had ceded to the Burgundians, but the city's inhabitants needed reinforcements quickly.
Hanotaux reports that
Compiègne was the command center of all communications between Duke Philip of Burgundy and
his stronghold at Paris.
Freeing
Compiègne would cut
his line of communication.
She immediately organized a battalion of Italian mercenaries, leading them to
Compiègne, which
she was able to enter.
DeVries charges that
Jeanne committed treason, because
she left for
Compiègne without permission from the King.
...
When Jeanne and her army became trapped in a Burgundian ambush, the Burgundian chronicler Georges Chastellain reports that she refused to retreat, telling her men: " 'You be quiet!
Their defeat depends on you.
Think only of striking at them.' Even though
she said this,
her men did not want to believe it, and by force they made
her return directly to